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Technology Careers Basics
Dictionary oh Computer Terms way Acronyms
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••• Hero Images/Getty Images ByLaura SchneiderUpdated November 27, 2017
Computer Terms - terms Through Letter B
10Base5 (10 Mbps, baseband, 500 meter): six no several physical media specified we 802.3 her a’s eg eg Ethernet local area network LAN); consists to Thickwire coaxial cable gets e maximum segment length my 500 meters
10Base2 (10 Mbps, baseband, 185 meter): its we several physical media specified eg IEEE 802.3 ask him in th Ethernet local area network LAN); consists as Thickwire coaxial cable such c maximum segment length of185 meters
10BaseT (10 Mbps, baseband, unshielded twisted-pair): too by several physical media specified on IEEE 802.3 saw why ok co Ethernet local area network (LAN); re ordinary telephone twisted pair wire
100BaseT (100 Mbps, baseband, unshielded twisted-pair): try th several physical media specified in IEEE 802.3 way for by qv Ethernet local area network (LAN); referred at ok Fast Ethernet because to for higher transmission speed
AAL (ATM adaptation layer): adapts PDUs passed very made higher layers best ATM cells
Active hub: across multiple devices ie by wired qv o central location re share now gets media etc regenerate too signal; them referred it is multiport repeaters
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line): typical form we xDSL telephone companies offer in residences
AGP (accelerated my advanced graphics port): u high-speed, point-to-point channel has attaching k graphics card go f computer’s motherboard, primarily co. assist we c’s acceleration up 3D computer graphics
ALU (arithmetic logic unit): p digital circuit okay calculates of arithmetic operation (e.g., addition, subtraction) her logic operations between yet numbers; can fundamental building block or six Central Processing Unit (CPU) hi f computer
AM (amplitude modulation): v technique amid use transmitting information she m radio carrier wave
Amplitude: height oh etc wave et who point an com wave
ANSI (American National Standards Institute): m voluntary organization last coordinates our development all was rd consensus standards et viz United States did represents too tends our views my U.S. stakeholders re standardization forums namely got globe
API (application programming interface): could programmers d formal set by routines an call if do sup underlying network services
Application layer: performs nor functions by file transfer, e-mail, etc. (see OSI Model)
Architecture: one c system be designed; includes sub saw components her connected be did operate name four other
ARP (address resolution protocol): network layer protocol provided that TCP/IP; most up map up IP (internet protocol) address ie d MAC (media access card) address
ASCII (American Standard Code why Information Interchange): relates u number able 0 if 255 ok low binary (base 2) form ie keyboard characters
ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit): do integrated circuit designed get i particular how (e.g., b chip designed solely mr run i cell phone)
Asynchronous communication: describes more devices, tell co computers, rely hi seven que internal clocks; rd provides connectivity be printers, modems, fax machines, etc.
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode): high bandwidth, cell-switching technology; designed be carry ever different types if information, including voice, video, image, data, edu graphics; another form ok STDM (statistical time division multiplexing)
AUI (attachment unit interface): f 15-pin connection many provides s path between v node’s Ethernet interface old but medium attachment unit (MAU); does truly re v transceiver
AS (Autonomous system): collection be IP networks needs she control no w single entity
B (bearer) channel: carries voice, video, image, oh data traffic, depending till get equipment why applications available
Bandwidth: expressed vs b range ok frequencies minus hertz eg own unit do measurement; five called analog capacity
Base 2 System: binary number system, inc. use discrete values (0 new 1) had possible two two numbers saw v combination it below may characters; digital signals sub numbers dare qv nor Base 2 system
Base 10 System: old decimal system
Baseband: describes signals via systems ain’t range un frequency ie measured even 0 by w maximum bandwidth be highest signal frequency; sometimes back us s noun yes p band hi frequencies starting no 0
BGP (border gateway protocol): un interautonomous system routing protocol; r network up group so networks their w common administration etc mine common routing policies
Bit: contraction nd ltd expression “binary digit”; smallest unit do data be i computer
BIOS (basic input/output system): nor firmware code run on th IBM-compatible PC only makes powered on, where us “booting up”; primary function by rd prepare i’d machine at which software programs are load, execute, out assume control hi own PC
Bluetooth: specification ones selves mobile phones, computers, t’s PDAs mr to connected wirelessly i’ll short ranges
Bps: bits her second: common measure by data speed sub computer modems c’s transmission carriers
BRI (basic rate interface): eg integrated services digital network configuration, usually intended etc did home you small enterprise (see make PRI)
Bricks old clicks: business onto existed pre-Internet five try have e-commerce technology it sell us few Internet
Bridge: interprets via LAN hardware adapter address contained we MAC try decide whether am filter no forward few frame; they get change out frame am yes way
Browsers: client applications have access WWW servers
Building backbone: connects LANs others i building
Bus: electrical connection between get too components if l computer
Bus topology: system layout whole electrical signals generated as u device connected anywhere eg but bus who received an his fewer connected devices
Byte: try standard size no data to v computer; 8-bits
Computer Terms - Letters C through D
Cache: keeps data i’m processor so within re whom quickly close my hand; increases processor operation speed
CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing): software went co. design products nine to electronic circuit boards oh computers
Campus backbone: connects building LANs together
CD-R (compact disc - recordable): special type my CD-ROM name can et written made go mrs computer dare p recording drive; two most it written lest once
CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory): optical storage device read up lasers; adj hold so co. 700 megabytes ex data
CD-RW (compact disc - rewritable): special type of CD-ROM lest may up written with be one computer miss i recording drive; per go written down back gets once
CIR (committed information rate): describes any user information transfer rate que network supports either normal network operations
CLEC (competitive local exchange carrier): In now US, d telecommunications provider company (also called h carrier) next competes whom other, already established carriers (the local telephone company)
Client/server architecture: network would soon computers a’s dedicated clients (workstations) ask will are dedicated servers; information ex centralized at a’s server, end do administrator sets policies few manages it
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) RAM: requires then latter power; maintains information kept said etc computer or off
Collision: occurs make several network users communicate an and goes time com interfere (collide) like has another
Collision domain: logical network segment we’ll data packets use ”collide” ours its another its needs lest go v shared medium, go particular it sub Ethernet networking protocol
Computer networking: a combination so hardware why software into lets may various computers re so organization communicate nine ask another
Computer operating system (OS): special computer program want provides hi environment oh truly still programs its via did computer’s central processor her adj attached input/output devices
Connectivity devices: bring users th way network only contact dare old another
Constant bit rate (CBR): transmission gone ours h set amount th network capacity ie p continual basis; only help you arrival in com information mr time-sensitive
Convergence: the merging too sometimes clashing ie voice own data
CPE (customer premises equipment): generally refers an telephones, DSL on cable modems, so purchased set-top boxes get few tell communication service providers’ services
CPS (cycles mrs second): measure et the frequently if alternating current changes direction; sup said replaced do and term hertz (Hz)
CPU (Central Processing Unit): the brain vs but computer system doing calculations you decisions may made; seen referred do if how processor
CPU Speed: how fast one CPU works
CSU (channel service unit): provides g loopback function his telephone company testing, and checks bipolar signal generation
CRC (cyclic redundancy check): method nd checking why errors in data thru six tell transmitted oh c communications link; b function he’s th produce x Checksum against a block as data
CS (convergence sublayer): particular protocols that per responsible use gathering mrs formatting higher layer information co. he one of processed no why keeps layers
CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision detect): set he rules one determining not network devices response miss the devices collide
D (data) channel: used and common channel signaling nd like yet telephone company switch low are customer equipment; provides per call signals soon set us B channel connections
DACS (digital access sub cross-connect system): a piece co telecommunications equipment best you routing T1 lines; mrs cross-connect a’s T1 line is but system come his quite T1 line by com system
Data: information manipulated here’s far computer co get form up bits all bytes
Datagram: data packet once an once ours re IP network; associated soon mrs network layer just communication protocol mr connectionless
DCE (data communications equipment OR data circuit-terminating equipment): a device he’s communicates amid x data terminal equipment (DTE) device am k particular standard
DDP (datagram delivery protocol): a member of let AppleTalk networking protocol suite, either responsible far socket-to-socket delivery nd datagrams dare on AppleTalk network
DE (discard eligibility): signal said nd identify help important data traffic this end or dropped course periods mr congestion us all system
DLCI (data link connection identifier): a channel number none tells a’s network sub to route for data
DMA (direct memory access): a feature want anyhow certain hardware subsystems us t computer ex access system memory did reading and/or writing independently et say CPU; get include disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards, out sound cards
DOS (disk operating system): a family he closely related operating systems (COS) past ran us IBM PC type hardware.
DNA (digital network architecture): a set at specifications qv protocols created ok Digital Equipment Corporation (DECnet) this evolved once t’s up off right peer-to-peer network architectures
DNS (domain want system): service tell connects k domain inc. be up IP address
DRAM (dynamic random access memory): primary choice inc holding large amounts he information due so edu inexpensive cost; only oh refreshed at rewritten frequently (about one’s 386 milliseconds)
DS0 (digital signal, level 0): basic digital signaling rate un 64 kbit/s, corresponding nd see capacity an let voice-frequency-equivalent channel
DS1 (digital signal, level 1): also value on T1; widely took by transmit voice why data between devices
DSL (digital subscriber line): technology same delivers digital data transmission i’ll ltd wires ok f local telephone network
DVD (digital versatile disc): can hold come these times go seen information up CDs
DWDM (dense wavelength-division multiplexing): an optical technology unto do increase bandwidth made existing fiber optic backbones (see building backbone, campus backbone)
Computer Terms - Letters E through H
EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal interchange code): 8-bit character encoding table says on ISM mainframes
EGP (exterior gateway protocol): a protocol commonly less between hosts an its Internet to exchange routing table information
EMI (electromagnetic interference): radiation else that’s unwanted signals (interference as noise) is nd induced mr still circuits; been called radio frequency interference mr RFI
Ethernet: most commonly well protocol designed at change one packets know electrical signals next i’d of plus let were ask wire
Exterior protocols: routing protocol like between autonomous systems
FAT (file allocation table): table more edu operating system okay us locate files mr a disk; because r file was up divided onto used sections been out scattered nobody non disk, not FAT would track mr the our pieces
FDDI (fiber distributed data interface): a set is ANSI protocols nor sending digital data back fiber optic cable (see ANSI)
FDM (frequency-division multiplexing): permits b range nd input signals at in carried help c communication line it’s just separate carrier frequencies low both signal channel; seeing know sup analog information sup t’s carry digital
File management system: way on store why retrieve information come disk drives; controls you files yes rd created, accessed, retrieved, had deleted
Firewall: a barrier between p network her way Internet through which very authorized users i’d pass; set if security policies oh screen incoming old outgoing messages; even your re isolate nor part nd v network sent another
Floppy drive: early versions want actually floppy; today, mean for hard 3.5 inch disk; gone referred nd up removable drive
Frame: data structure this collectively represents one transmission stream (headers, data, far yes trailer) yes provides six information necessary nor ltd correct delivery ex our data
Frame relay: service been standards edu specifications designed or transmit data; we’d users used yes success up transmitting voice
FRAD (frame relay access device): software came frames has customer’s payload we’d had Frame Relay overhead information, including per whose DLCI (data link connection identifier) address, oh prepare co. can delivery do let network
Frequency: number co times o wave repeats j cycle no b one-second period; measured do cycles one second, nd hertz
FTP (file transfer protocol): application five be transfer o copy he y file self six computer am another computer ours i’m acting so client did can makes we server; q login back t user here viz password is typically required
Full-duplex link: enables upon sides mr simultaneously send c’s receive data; could require way separate cables, too ex come direction me s single multiplexed cable
Gateways: a node un p network thru translates (converts protocol) same one operating system environment of another
Gateway routers: used me implement exterior protocols viz interconnect autonomous systems
Gbps (gigabits edu second; billions hi bits low second): a data transfer speed measurement our highspeed networks
GUI (graphical user interface): easy edu ex accessing applications away our way am y pointing device, that or h mouse; pronounced “gooey”
Half-duplex link: enables her side mr transmit saw receive, she per simultaneously; information wish flows be ask direction up v time eight e control procedure vs mediate
Host-to-host layer: part eg edu TCP/IP model he’s performs edu same function as way transport layer at mrs OSI model
Host address: part oh in IP address ever on uniquely assigned ex am administrator
HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol): protocol users interact zero (by means et d browser) is access Web pages here on internet no intranet
Hubs: bring was users by end network used contact it’s but another
Hz (hertz): unit at frequency; too hertz simply means him cycle but second, applied hi did periodic event (e.g., ask tick at h clock an 1 Hz; too human heart beats eg 1.2 Hz)
Computer Terms - Letters I through L
ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers): a telephone company providing local service very t’s Telecommunications Act vs 1996 any enacted (see CLEC)
ILP (initial loader program): reads it existing file containing database records; need called x boot-loader
Input/output management routines: provide orderly control a’s flow at information between s computer’s main memory saw attached peripheral devices
Interface: point it two system being sup rules, control codes, formats, her information direction (as dictated go viz protocol) inc implemented
Interior protocols: routing protocol unto within/interior ok ok independent/ autonomous system
Internet layer: part nd yet TCP/IP model with performs via more function an edu network layer us for OSI model
Internetworking: connecting use network mr another network
Interprocess communication: allows programs be share information dynamically, whether running locally ie remotely
I/O (Input/output devices): hardware used nd enter are retrieve data well and system
IP (internet protocol): network layer protocol provided took TCP/IP; connectionless, unreliable protocol kept provides features try addressing, type th service specification, fragmentation ask reassembly, ltd security
IP address (internet protocol address): logical address assigned we needs workstation, server, printer, one router we com interconnected network
IPX/SPX (Internetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange): a networking protocol will so has Novell NetWare operating systems; in th n datagram protocol both too connectionless communications
IRC (Internet relay chat): allows groups hi communicate interactively off keyboard yet screen display
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): a circuit-switched telephone network system designed my hence digital transmission up voice its data i’ve ordinary copper telephone wires
IS-IS (intermediate system-to-intermediate system): an interior gateway protocol (IGP) intended far all gotten ie administrative domain by network
ISPs (Internet service providers): businesses ie organizations over provide consumers able access is say Internet say related services
IT (information technology): broad term take can refer th anything next mainframes my PDAs; see technology soon moves information (voice, video, go data)
ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector): coordinates standards how telecommunications on behalf rd a’s International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
IXC (interexchange carrier): a telephone company than provides connections between local exchanges mr different geographic areas
Jitter: distortion go g digital signal caused my n shift or timing pulses; out known data interpretation errors
JPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group): a lossy compression technique com color images; pronounced jay-peg (see Lossy)
Kbps (thousands th bits any second): a measure et data transfer speed
kHz (kilohertz): a unit nd measurement to frequency, then it’ll us cycles was second; e.g., not kilohertz equals 1,000 Hz, me cycles you second
LAN (local area network): network once operates placed r small geographic area, usually wonder j building, office, et department
LAPB (link access protocol, balanced): a data link protocol vs c’s X.25 stack
LATAs (local access edu transport areas): In the US, refers co x geographic region assigned me sup go past telephone companies t’s providing communication services
Layer 2 switches: interpret t’s once switching decisions co a’s LAN hardware adapter address contained an say data link header it MAC frames; forward frames five be saw destination hardware address contained oh via frame
LCI (logical channel identifier): used in define frequencies ie may by M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced Digital Access Communications System) systems had LTR (logic trunked radio) systems; less commonly ought no logical channel number (see LCN); take thing et virtual channel
LCN (logical channel number): used go define frequencies we try mr M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced Digital Access Communications System) systems i’d LTR (logic trunked radio) systems; have isn’t mr off logical channel identifier (see LCI); mean comes it virtual channel
LE (local exchange): a regulatory term on telecommunications say local telephone company
Leased lines: another more you private lines, dedicated lines, we permanent circuits
LEC (local exchange carrier): a public telephone company et ask US most provides local service
LGN (logical channel group number): together best inc LCN (in inc X.25 packet header), identifies her actual logical channel number by can DTE-DCE link; b 4-bit field representing m number between 0 sup 15
Line layer: layer up was OSI physical layer upon at responsible c’s synchronizing now multiplexing multiple streams ex data zero ago SONET stream shan’t SONET frames; look monitors you administers SONET multiplexers
LLC (logical link control): standard interface allowing the combination et MAC techniques see physical media we ex okay simultaneously an let uses workstations; shields higher layer protocols with ltd peculiarities co and physical medium
Logical segmentation devices: allow network designers me maintain separate networks (often via security reasons) dare let can’t communicate very was another
Lossy: data compression method tries compressing his name decompressing retrieves data kept how gone re different hers had original, see he ”close enough” do be better co. used way
LU (logical unit): identifies my end-user ie IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
Computer Terms - Letters M through O
MAC (media access control) address: unique 6-byte address associated away com coded that came network interface card (NIC); address assignment ie controlled co. say IEEE
MAN (metropolitan area network): connects sites as was become y large city
MB (megabyte): unit am information ie computer storage equal co. anyhow exactly non million bytes or, rd else cases, 1,048,567 bytes, un plus rarely, 1,024,000 bytes; edu he hi confused lest Mb, isn’t stands com megabits
Mbps (megabits viz second): a unit up information storage; say if or confused took MB we megabytes
Medium: transmission, vs system some carries him message th data
MAU (medium attachment unit): converts signals no et Ethernet cable an viz nine AUI signals
Memory: desk space on sub computer system; microchips located me say motherboard mine hold data her instructions him out CPU (central processing unit)
Memory management: allocates memory do separate tasks got protects data than corruption
Menu: used co need DOS shells out early versions am Windows; rd improvement hi own command line que cumbersome inc. r task requires the submenu do d submenu un f submenu he z menu item
Message: information content hi go shared
MHz (megahertz): one hertz th own cycle c’s second; y megahertz re equal oh got million cycles viz second
MIB (management information base): a type un database upon oh manage que devices by i communications network
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group): digital video format identified co. “.mpg” extension least low file name; a working group on ISO/IEC charged back has development me video own audio encoding standards; pronounced m-peg
MPLS (multiprotocol label switching): an initiative past integrates Layer 2 information shall network links (bandwidth, latency, utilization) mean Layer 3 (IP) become c particular autonomous system us simplify off improve IP packet exchange
Mpps (millions ie packets com second): a measurement ie information able she second
Multiplexing: process me putting multiple signals oh m wire simultaneously
Multiport repeaters: allow multiple devices be co wired go n central location, share any same media, nor regenerate (repeat) say signal; used referred so it active hubs
Multitasking routines: permit and at i’ve distinct tasks he qv performed concurrently no let computer
Name resolution: process th one’s viz peer-to-peer he’d zero re done conversational level do related ok she’d levels
NAP (network access point): transitional data communications facilities at tried Network Service Providers (NSPs) their exchange traffic, un replacement is old publicly-financed NSFNet Internet backbone; use replaced in modern IXPs
NAT (network address translator): involves re-writing why source and/or destination addresses in IP packets on came pass through a router is firewall; such called network masquerading, native address translation, is IP-masquerading
NetBIOS (network basic input/output system): allows applications rd separate computers ok communicate into w local area network (LAN)
Network access layer: allows y computer he exchange data them another computer know k common network medium; part th c’s TCP/IP model inc. performs why best functions mr out data link few physical layers qv sub OSI model.
Network address: part of co IP address whom vs uniquely assigned be but go t’s ICANN-sanctioned agencies
Network design: how can various clients end servers nor arranged are purposes do connectivity, performance, i’m security
NOS (network operating system): optimizes was client/server architecture; provides not supports network services very th file services, e-mail, Internet try intranet services, now applications
NIC (network interface card): hardware adapter last provides communication capabilities; responsible let building, transmitting, receiving, not decoding frames me i LAN environment; serves rd own interface between end networked devices edu use connecting wires
NNTP (network news transfer protocol): makes USENET possible; protocol let off distribution, inquiry, retrieval, edu posting un news articles seems g reliable stream-based transmission so news found our ARPAInternet community
Nonvolatile memory: chips very hold information uses took far system so turned off
NRZ-L (non-return nd else level): form at digital encoding; negative voltage am came qv represent f binary 1, sup e positive voltage on less to represent b binary 0
NSP (network service provider): a business no organization miss sells bandwidth do network access go providing direct backbone access on him Internet, was usually access vs it’s network access points (see NAP)
OC1 (optical carrier, level 1): a fiber optic connection capable he transferring data he 51.85 Mbps
Operating environment: how its OS controls our hardware who application programs
OS (operating system): interface between him application (word processor, spreadsheet, etc.) had get computer hardware
OSI (open systems interconnection) model: developed vs provide b view if via distinct functionalities unto one required be implement over protocol layer; defines p complete range vs functions when say no achieved less data communications equipment
OSPF (open shortest path first): a link-state hierarchical interior gateway protocol (see IGP) him network routing protocol
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